DNA

DNA- nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.

DNA is locates in the cell nucleus, however a small amount is found in mitochondria. Every person has the same DNA in their body.

4 Chemical Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
base pair :Guanine- Cytosine

Their are attached to sugar molecules and phosphate molecules, they are called nucleotide( back bone). Nucleotide have two long strands that are form a spiral thats called double helix. These base pairs form ladder's rung and the sugar and phosphate form the vertical side of the ladder like figure.

Proteins attach to DNA and help the starnds coil ip into the chromosome when the cell gets divide

Replicate: DNA can make copies of itself. Each cells divides because each new cell need to have a exact copy of DNA present in the old cell.


http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna

Eugenics*

What is eugenics?

Study or belief in the possibility of improving the human species of a human population, 

discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defect or having a inheritable undesirable traits.

What were the social origins of eugenics?

  Scientists wanted the population to be able bodied and mentally stable. They thought the sterilization of the defective adult could help prevent more people. So basically they want moat of the population to not have human flaws.

What were the scientific origins of eugenics? 

In the 1800's positive eugenics,and negative eugenics came about. The sterilization law pasted in 1907. Therefore the bad eugenics people shouldn't be making babies.

What research methods were used to study eugenics and what were their flaws?

 Researchers discovered how to study the family tree, thats will go way back. They would study all their medical history. Then a researcher, Mendel t

ried experiments of genetic mixing. Brain capability was very hard to measure then because DNA was not discovered. They had difficulties figuring out blood types, eye color, and mental disorders.

How did eugenics research impact U.S society today?

Racial tensions is everywhere, I don't think we'll ever get rid of it. 

Also the way that people look, many people do or want to change their looks. But good things about it is 

more babies live, we figured out some ways to cured diseases.

genetics

            We all have many different genes in us These genes determine what our outer appearance will look like. For instants like out skin color, hair color, eye color,even some diseases we can inherit. People are carriers of some restive disease, but they do not have to have this disease but they will carry it the next generation. Genes have to deal with molecular structure. We inherit our genes from our parents and other blood lines. Our genes are living organisms, even plants and bacteria carrie genes. Our genes have DNA inside the cell, DNA is a molecule with four types of nucleotides. DNA creates other copies of itself, thats how we get more genes that we inherited. 

• Aneesha and I created a fake baby that we would have with each other. We couldn't predict what sex of the baby we will have, Because its an 50- 50 chance its a boy or a girl. Even with the physical appearance. We both thought it was pretty interesting and entertaining  at the same time. The baby turned out to be a good looking kid. :) lol

23 pairs of chromosomes 

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/

cell cycle

Cell Cycle

I realized that I didn't know too much about the cell cycle. So here's the basics of how it works.

• It starts off at with G1- this is when the cell grows, controls mechanism ensures its ready for DNA synthesis
• S phase-the cell makes DNA to make other cells
• G2 phase-cell grows more and makes more cell molecules  Gap between DNA and mitosis, makes sure everything is ready to go into mitosis stage
• Mitosis- cell separates the chromosome in the nucleus into identical sets.

Interphase: End of the Cell Cycle, cell becomes two different cells. cell growth stops at this stage it focuses on the division into two daughters cells.

Metaphase- The chromatids are lined up between.

Anaphase: The chromotids begin to separate and become chromosomes. then moves towards the ends of the poles.  

Metaphase-stage of meiosis, comes before anaphase, chromosome become aligned before getting separated. 

Prophases-nuclear disappears and centrioles divides and migrate to opposite ends of the cells

Telophase-The chromosomes arrive at the poles, and starts to grow a nuclear membranes.

Cytokinesis- A furrow is created in the parent cell and the two new cells grow apart. 

photosynthesis

Photosynthesis


My definition on Photosynthesis is a process on plants that make their own food. But it's more copulated than that. The process in plants and some bacterias use the energy from sunlight to create chemical energy and store it into bonds of sugar. The plant needs water and sunlight and to make this happen. This happens in the chlorplast, which is in the plants leaves is where it release 02. The upper part of the leave upper and lower part of the leave doesn't have a chlorplast but is there to protect the rest of the leaf. The middle is the stomate and it is used for air exchange. They let in the CO2 and release the 02 in the air. The releases oxygen is what we need to live. Chlorophyll looks green because it absorbs red and blue light, making these colors not to be seen by our eyes. It is the green light which is not absorbed that finally reaches our eyes, making chlorophyll appear green.  The cellular respiration convert it into ATP. The sunlight is use for chemical energy and it has green pigment chlorophyll. That why the plants are green.

Dry Lab

Procedure:

• Water plus bromothymol blue is blue-green because carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid. 
• Water plus bromothymol blue plus an aquarium snail turns yellow because (BTB) is blur-green liquid which changes to yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to neutral pH.

• Water plus bromothymol blue plus elodea, an aquarium plant, is blur-green because carbon dioxide plus water yields sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight are present. 
• Water plus bromothymol blue plus a snails plus elodea is blue- green in light and yellow when left in the dark for three hours because Animal respire, green plants photosynthesize in the light and respire all the time, sugar plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide plus water and energy.

Materials: test tubes, bottle of bromothymol blue, pond water, straw, snail, and a plant ( elodea)

Procedure:get the test tube and fill it about half way with water.  Then put 20 drops of bromothymol blue into the test tube. After that get the straw and blow bubbles into the liquid in the test tube. record the observations.
-second test tube, fill it half way with water. Put 20 drops  of blue bromothymol in the water.  Then place the snail into it.  After 5 mins record the observations.
3rd test tube. - do the same amount of water and same number of drops. but put the plant in the test tube. After 5 mins record the observations.
4th test tube- same amount of water and same number of drops. Place the plant and snail inside the tube and place it into a dark area, no sunlight will hit it

Questions: what does sugar have to do with this?

Enzyme Lab

In the graph we studies the pH. 4,7,10 The highest was 7 and lowest was 4.

number of drops of yeast,  i figured out the the more drops we put the more it would rise

temperature effect had more pressure with warm temperature than any other temperature 

*Mercury

Mercury is a silvery, heavy metal but in liquid form.  Many incidents have been reported with mercury. Mercury has been found way back in 1500 BC.  It was also known as the 'pink disease' . It causes irritability, insomnia, photophabia, and erythema of the palms and soles.  Some medicines used mercury in them.  Mercury is found it batteries, thermometer, many industries, and barometer manufacturing. Mercury is a result of ingestion, injections, vapor inhalation, and absorption through the skin.  It can be evaporated into the air without even being noticed because you can't see it or smell it. It can also be found in food that we consume, such as fish and high fructose corn syrup.  The effects from mercury are headaches, shaking, can't sleep, heart problems,memory loss, irritability, incisiveness.   Also gives the body rashes and sores.  The body can get rid of mercury by urinating. As you can see mercury is a very powerful poison you mess with.

*Greek word- hydrargyrias, meaning water silver
*Symbol-Hg

http://www.medicinenet.com/mercury_poisoning/article.htm